ABSTRACT
@#The continuous sequence of bone healing phases starts off with osteoconduction to the implant surface, depending on the migration of osteogenic cells. Osteoneogenesis ensues resulting in a mineralised interfacial matrix and is followed by bone remodelling to the implant interface at discrete sites. Dental implant drilling procedure and placement produce osseous defect which is filled by blood. Within seconds, blood proteins are adsorbed onto the implant surface and platelets are activated resulting in the release of cytokines and growth factors. Further platelet aggregation initiates osteoconduction to the surface, followed by osteoneogenesis, forming an extracellular matrix. Subsequently, remodelling creates a bone to implant interface which can be explained through distance and contact osteogenesis. The dental implant surface has been shown to influence osteoconduction by modifying protein properties and adsorption around the implant. Salivary biomarkers may be considered as a specific and sensitive diagnostic tool to detect these changes in protein expressions after implant placement. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review is to provide a detailed account of the bone healing mechanism associated with dental implant placement, as well as how the implant surface architecture and protein release play a role in bone healing, and the potential use of saliva to detect these biomarkers.
ABSTRACT
Obesity is a growing epidemic due to an accelerated phase of industrialization and urbanization with the overfed people now outnumbered the underfed. It is the major public health problem with a lot of research interest as it is associated with many complicated chronic disorders such as type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancers. A global estimation of 2.8 million deaths per year is due to obesity and there are tremendous on-going efforts to identify hosts and environmental factors that infl uence the cause and pathogenesis of obesity. Concerted efforts from different research groups had successfully shown that obese subjects have altered composition of gut microbiota and transplantation of this microbiota infl uences body weight in the germ-free recipient mice. The advancement of technology had made possible the study of gut microbiota which was unculturable for better understanding of their impact to human health. Rapid deep sequencing of DNA at reasonable cost through various options of platforms followed by data analysis using robust bioinformatic tools are an important way of analysing the gut microbiome. Here we review the role of gut microbiota which modulates host’s metabolic functions and gene expression, facilitating the extraction and storage of energy from the ingested dietary substances and leading to body-weight gain. We will discuss on the different techniques used, focusing on the high-defi nition technologies for the determination of the composition, function and ecology of gut microbiota. This allows the appropriate selection of platform which becomes the key for success of subsequent research.